Power Plant

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EE Hub › Power Plant › Power Systems
🏭 Power System: Definition & Functions
"A system that deals with the business of:
  i. Generation   ii. Transmission   iii. Distribution of electrical energy"

Power System Function Chain:

$$ \text{Source of fuel} \rightarrow \text{Energy conversion} \rightarrow \text{Transmission \& Distribution} \rightarrow \text{Energy Utilization} $$

Energy Storage Types:

$\text{SMES} \rightarrow \text{Superconducting magnetic energy}$
$\text{Compressed air} \rightarrow \text{High pressure storage}$
$\text{Flywheel} \rightarrow \text{Mechanical energy}$
$\text{Inverter/UPS} \rightarrow \text{Electrical storage}$

SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Store):

$$ E = \frac{1}{2}LI^2 \quad \text{(Magnetic energy stored)} $$ $$ T_{critical} \approx 4\,K \text{ (liquid helium cooled)} $$

Parts: i. Superconducting coil   ii. Cryostat   iii. Cryogenic Refrigerator

Compressed Air Energy Storage:

$$ W = \int_{V_1}^{V_2} P\,dV \quad \text{(Work done in compression)} $$

⚡ Energy Flow Chain Animation

Fuel Coal/Gas/Water Convert Steam/Hydro/Nuclear Step-Up Transformer HV Line Transmission Distribute Step-Down → Load

🔋 Storage Types

E = ½LI²
⚙️ Types of Generating Units & Energy Sources
🔥
Hydro Carbon
Coal, Oil, Natural Gas
💧
Water
Hydro Power Station
⚛️
Nuclear
Fission of Uranium
☀️
Solar
Photovoltaic
🌬️
Wind
Wind Turbine
🌊
Tidal
Ocean Tidal Energy
🌋
Geothermal
Earth Heat Energy

Energy Source Classification:

Commercial
Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum
Non-Commercial
Fuel Wood, Animal Energy
Renewable
Solar, Wind, Tidal, Hydro, Geothermal, Biogas
Non-Renewable
Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas

Conventional vs Non-Conventional:

🔴 Conventional
▪Exhaustible except Hydro
▪Cause pollution (smoke, ash)
▪Huge expenditure to generate
▪Expensive to maintain (long transmission)
▪Ex: Coal, Natural Gas, Fire-wood
🟢 Non-Conventional
▪Non-exhaustible, recently identified
▪Generally pollution free
▪Low expenditure required
▪Less expensive — local use, easy maintenance
▪Ex: Geothermal, Solar, Wind, Tidal, Biogas

Key Power Generation Formulas:

Nuclear Energy:

$$ E = mc^2 \qquad {}^{235}_{92}\text{U}{:}\ \approx 200\,\text{MeV/fission} $$ $$ 1\,\text{kg U-235} \equiv 2.7\times10^6\,\text{kg coal} $$

Hydro Energy:

$$ P = \rho g Q H \cdot \eta \quad\text{(W)} $$

ρ = 1000 kg/m³, g = 9.81 m/s², Q = flow (m³/s), H = head (m), η = efficiency

Solar Energy:

$$ P_{solar} = G \cdot A \cdot \eta_{panel} $$

G = Solar irradiance (typically 1000 W/m²)

Wind Energy:

$$ P_{wind} = \frac{1}{2}\rho_{air} A v^3 \cdot C_p $$

ρ_air ≈ 1.225 kg/m³, A = swept area (m²), v = wind speed (m/s)

Betz limit: $C_{p,max} = \frac{16}{27} \approx 0.593$

💨 Wind Power Calculator

P = — kW
v³ law: Double wind speed = 8× power

💧 Hydro Power Calculator

P = — MW

☀️ Solar Power Calculator

P = — kW
🇮🇳 India's Power Scenario

Installed Capacity by Sector:

SectorMW%
Central Sector94,02725.2%
State Sector1,03,61727.8%
Private Sector1,75,05047%
Total3,72,694100%

Generation by Source:

SourceMW%
Thermal2,31,42161.1%
Hydroelectric45,69912.3%
Nuclear6,7801.8%
Renewable88,79323.8%
Total3,72,693100%

Five Regional Grids:

1
Northern
2
Eastern
3
North-Eastern
4
Western
5
Southern

History of Power Systems in India:

1989
Power Grid Corporation of India formed
1990
First HVDC bi-pole line formed ⚡
1998
First 765 kV line erected 🗼

Green Power Sources:

💧
Hydro
☀️
Solar
🌬️
Wind
🌊
Tidal
🌋
Geothermal

Key Factors:

$$ \text{Load factor} = \frac{\text{Average load}}{\text{Maximum load}} $$ $$ \text{Plant capacity factor} = \frac{\text{Actual energy generated}}{\text{Maximum possible energy}} $$ $$ \text{Plant use factor} = \frac{\text{kWh generated}}{\text{Plant capacity} \times \text{hours used}} $$

📊 India Power Generation Share

Thermal 🔥
Renewable 🌿
Hydro 💧
Nuclear ⚛️

🏢 Sector Breakdown

Private
State
Central

🟢 Green Power Calculator

📊 Power Plant Performance Parameters

1. Connected Load

Sum of ratings of all equipment connected to supply

2. Maximum Demand

Greatest demand of load on power station over a given period

3. Demand Factor

$$ \boxed{\text{DF} = \frac{\text{Max demand}}{\text{Connected load}}} \quad (< 1) $$

4. Average Load

$$ \text{Avg load} = \frac{\text{Total kWh}}{\text{Hours}} $$

5. Load Factor

$$ \boxed{\text{LF} = \frac{\text{Average load}}{\text{Maximum demand}}} \quad (< 1) $$

High LF → Better utilization

6. Diversity Factor

$$ \boxed{\text{DivF} = \frac{\sum \text{Individual max demands}}{\text{Simultaneous max demand}}} \quad (\geq 1) $$

7. Plant Capacity Factor

$$ \boxed{\text{PCF} = \frac{\text{Actual kWh}}{P_{rated} \times 8760\,h}} $$

8. Plant Use Factor

$$ \boxed{\text{PUF} = \frac{\text{kWh generated}}{P_{cap} \times \text{hrs used}}} $$

9. Reserve Capacity

$$ \text{Reserve} = \text{Plant cap} - \text{Max demand} $$

10. Units per Annum

$$ \text{Units} = \text{Avg load (kW)} \times 8760\,h $$

11. Cost of Generation

$$ \text{Cost/kWh} = \frac{\text{Total annual cost (₹)}}{\text{Total units (kWh)}} $$

Tariff Types:

1. Simple Tariff
Fixed rate per kWh
2. Flat Demand
Based on max demand only
3. Two-Part
$\text{Cost} = a\cdot MD + b\cdot kWh$
4. Three-Part
$\text{Cost} = a\cdot MD + b\cdot kWh + c$

📈 24-Hour Load Curve

Peak: — MW Average: — MW Load Factor: — Units: — MWh

🔧 Plant Performance Calculator

💰 Tariff Calculator

📋 Module 1 Complete Reference

Formula Quick Reference (Click to flip):

💧 Hydro Power
$P = \rho g Q H \eta$
🌬️ Wind Power
$P = \frac{1}{2}\rho A v^3 C_p$
☀️ Solar Power
$P = G \cdot A \cdot \eta$
⚛️ Nuclear Energy
$E = mc^2$
📊 Load Factor
$LF = \frac{\bar{P}}{P_{max}}$
📉 Demand Factor
$DF = \frac{P_{max}}{P_{connected}}$
🔀 Diversity Factor
$DivF = \frac{\sum P_{max,i}}{P_{max,sim}}$
⚙️ Plant Capacity
$PCF = \frac{E_{actual}}{P_{rated} \times 8760}$

India Key Numbers:

3,72,694
Total MW Installed
61.1%
Thermal Share
23.8%
Renewable Share
47%
Private Sector

🟢 Green Power Meter

25.6% Renewable Energy Share

TARGET: 500 GW BY 2030

Current: ~372 GW / 500 GW (0%)

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